Indonesia :: essays research papers

Indonesia This essay will be on the History in Brief of Indoneisa, the Government of Indoneisia, the island of Java, and the Geography of Indoneisa. In early days, the region from India to Japan, including Indonesia, was known to the Europeans as the Indies. Chris Colombus was looking for a westward sea roots from Europe to the Indies when he arrived in America. During 1600's dutch political control began to spread Indonesia. Indonesia declared it's independencein 1945 and fought the Dutch until 1949 when they gave up their control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first, the Dutch allowed nationalist movement to delevope. In 1905, it had introduced municipal councils to govern the towns and cities. By 1920, there were 32 such councils, with little electorial franchise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other councils were also established. They included provicial councils in Java, and group communities concils outside Java.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The government of Indonesia is based on a constitution written in 1945. A president serves as the head of government. The president apionts a sheet of advisers consisting of top military leaders and civillians. In theory, the peoples console assembly is supposed to establish a general direction of the government's policys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A house of peoples Representatives is the nations parlament, however, in practice neither the assembly nor the house has real power. Instead, it is the president who makes all of the important decisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The president is elected to a five year term the Peoples Consulative assembly. Te assembly has 1,000 members. It includes the 500 members of the peoples representives. It also includes 500 members of regional, occupational, and other groups. All assembly members serve five year terms. The assembly usually is only held once every five years. The 500 members of the People's Representatives includes 400 who are elected through a system that insures that the government's potlitical organization win most of the seats. Servicmen have no vote, so the remaining 100 are appointed by the president on the reccomendation of the comander of the armed forces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Indonesia is divided into twenty-seven provinces. The provinces are divided into regioncies and municipalities. These units are further divided into villages. Officials of all local government units exept villages are appointed by central government from lists of people nominated by regional legislators. Indonesian villages elect their own village officials to provide local government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Java lies between Sumatra (to the west), and Bali (to the east). To the north is the Java Sea. To the south is the Indian Ocean which Indonesians call the Indonesian Ocean.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The greatest distance from North Java to South Java is two hundred kilometers. From East Java to West Java is over one thousand kilometers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The island of Java has five administrative units: the special

What might cause an appreciation of a floating exchange rate? Essay

What might cause an appreciation of a floating exchange rate? Discuss whether an appreciation of a country's exchange rate will always be beneficial to that country. a) what might cause an appreciation of a floating exchange rate? b) Discuss whether an appreciation of a country's exchange rate will always be beneficial to that country. (15) A free, fluctuating or floating exchange rate means the existence of a free or competitive foreign exchange market where the price of one currency in terms of another is determined by the forces of supply and demand operating without any official interference. ====================================================================== A rise in the price of a currency in terms of another currency is called an appreciation. ================================================================= The following figure shows the equilibrium price of pounds in terms of U.S dollars. Short and long-term movements in the exchange rate, like any price, are caused by changes in market demand and supply conditions. The appreciation of a country's currency will occur due to either an increase in demand or fall in supply of that currency. The demand for sterling (pounds) in the FOREX markets comes from many sources UK goods and services are exported overseas - . if there is an increase in exports this will create an inflow of currency into to the UK which needs to be turned into sterling this will increase demand for the sterling . When US consumers but British Whisky they supply dollars and this is eventually translated into a demand for pounds. This will cause an outward shift in the demand curve for sterling, thus causing the currency to appreciate. Foreign long te... ...viously cause a serious fall in living standards. Exchange rate and inflation: An appreciation of the exchange rate helps to control cost and price inflation in the economy. A fall in import prices means that it is cheaper to import raw materials, components, finished manufactured products leading to an outward shift in Short Run Aggregate Supply shown in diagram - this has a direct impact on the Retail Price Index Tougher for domestic companies to compete with cheaper imports - lower profit margins as businesses have to adjust (less pricing power in their markets) Slower growth of exports (leading to a slowdown in aggregate demand - possibly the emergence of a negative output gap where actual GDP A bigger trade deficit represents a net outflow of demand from the circular flow of income and spending - leading to less demand-pull inflation.

Legal Environment of Business Management

Case Questions1. Many states prohibit their lottery tickets from being sold out of the state, so Pic-A-State would have it agent buy lottery tickets in various states and hold them there; someone in Pennsylvania would buy a claim on the tickets held in the other states. Congress passed a law prohibiting interstate transmission of lottery ticket information to be used for lottery ticket sales. Pic-A-State, which was being put out of business, challenged the law as unconstitutional. Was this correct? Pic-A-State Inc. s challenge stating that the law Congress passed prohibiting interstate transmission of lottery ticket information to be used for lottery ticket sale was unconstitutional is not correct. As per out text, the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution provides that â€Å"Congress shall have Power†¦ To regulate commerce with foreign Nations, and amount the several states†¦ † Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce that includes transmis sion of information by computer for purchasing lottery tickets.Although Pic-A-State did not transport actual lottery tickets across state lines, but only sold interest in lottery tickets via computer, their activity may still be regulated by Congress. Congress has acted under their constitutional exercise and power to legislate under the Commerce Clause. This law has protected the state lottery revenues, and preserving state sovereignty in the regulation of lotteries and interstate gambling.2. Plaistow, New Hampshire, passed an ordinance prohibiting truck traffic during late-night hours at a truck terminal loading and unloading facility.It did so to reduce noise and fumes for the benefit of town residents. The truck terminal had been in operation several years. Most of the trucks came five miles from an interstate highway to change loads. The truckers contested the regulation as a restriction on interstate commerce and maintained that regulating an area (interstate trucking) subject to federal regulations was illegal. Were the truckers right? I believe that the truckers were correct, stating that the regulation was a restriction on interstate commerce. As a person, I can understand the importance of regulating and restricting noise and fumes for the town residents.However, this terminal had been in operation for several years and poses a very important role for truckers as it allows them to pick up and drop of loads of many different products that need to be received in a timely manner by their purchasers. By regulating and restricting the operating hours of these truckers, they were imposing burden on interstate commerce. Only Congress can burden interstate commerce, and since Plaistow, New Hampshire as a state did not get approval from congress, this would be an unconstitutional regulation that imposes on interstate commerce.3. The state of Iowa has a statute limiting to 55 feet the length of trucks on it highways. This made it illegal for commonly use doubl e-trailer trucks 65 feet long to use Iowa highways. The shippers had to either use shorter truckers or go around the state. Iowa justified the regulation on the basis of safety on the highways, and because the bigger trucks caused more damage to it highways. Was this regulation constitutional? No, this regulation is not constitutional Iowa’s law substantially burdens interstate commerce as it uses regulations out of step with all of its neighboring State’s regulations.Moreover, Iowa discriminates against out-of-state interests by providing Iowan’s exemptions that are not extended to out-of-state interests. The safety benefits are not enough to be greater than the national interest in keeping interstate commerce free from interference, and this regulation was completely hindering the interstate commerce.11. A church owned land in a rural area that it used as a recreation area for disabled children. A fire in the area-destroyed vegetation, allowing flooding to occ ur. To protect public safety, the county adopted an ordinance prohibiting any new building in the area until it determined what to do.The church requested to rebuild was denied for six years while the county pondered what the building code, if any, should be for the area. The church sued for loss of use of the land. Could it recover under the just compensation clause of the Fifth Amendment? Yes, the church can recover it loss. The Fifth Amendment provides that â€Å"private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. † The Fifth Amendment does not prevent the government from taking property from private individuals, but does require that just compensation be paid.

Childbirth and Development Essay

1-1.2 Connections between development and learning There is a strong connection between development and learning as children need to develop certain skills in order to learn and also the motivation to learn something new can help a child develop further skills. For example, for a baby to learn to walk there needs to be a level of coordination and growth and therefore by learning to walk has improved both the child’s physical development and recognotion. Variations in the rate and sequence of development and learning All children develop at their own rates because of both genetic and environmental factors. Learning difficulties. Some children have difficulties which prevent them from learning in the same way and the causes can be medical conditions, chromosomal conditions and others are not yet understood. However, this doesnt mean that children with learning difficulties will have this problems in all areas of development. Some children will have develop some skills better than others: the ability to draw, to socialise etc. Giftedness. Some children are seen as inteligent very early. We may notice that some children tend to memorise easily and they can learn new skills very quick. This is thought to be linked with a stimulating environment and a strong „ genetic component† ( Heinemann Book). Stimulating environment and the aquisition of language. Children whom are given stimulating experiences and more opportunities are likely to develop faster. Language aquisition is strongly linked to the time children spend around adults and quality interaction. Attachment. If a child feels loevd  and safe it makes it easier to acheve their full potential. Strong relationships are the foundation for every childs development. Learning in different way. Children learn by copying from adults but also by learning from their own experiences. For todlers and babies it is actually most likely that they learn from doing rather then from being taught. The importance of play Play is an essential part of every childs development. Through play children develop skills in all ares of development. Good play helps them be happy and explore, but can also teach them about materials, social skills.† Play begins very early on in babies lives as long as they have an adult who can engage with them†. ( Heinemann book) 1-1.3 All children develop at their own rates, but some of them do because of difficultiess linked during conception, pregnancy and birth. Pre-conceptual care. Even before a baby is conceived, the quality of their parents life style can have a huge impact on their development. Future parents should think about giving up on smoking, cutting down the alcohol, taking folic acid suppliments and avoiding recreational drogs. It is also advised not to start having a family to late cause it gets harder for some women to conceive. Conception. In the moment of conception the fertilised egg will have 23 chromosomes from the father and 23 chromosomes from the mother which determine the child’s development. This mixing is actually a nature’s lottery as some medical conditions are the result of genetic combination. Pregnancy. During pregnancy the baby can be affected by the health of their mother as well as by the lifestyle. Factors that may affect the child are stress, diet and alcohol. The first 12 weeks of pregnancy are when the „foetus is most vulnerable and during this time the foetus becomes recongnisably human†.( Heinemann Book) Substance abuse. The effects of drugs can be devesting for the baby especially in the first 12 weeks but even after. All pregnant women are advised not to take any drugs unless advised to do so by a doctor. Alcohol. Alcohol can enter a babies blood streem and can have serious effects. A special condition known as Foetal Alcohol  Syndrome affect children’s cognitive development including their concentration. Infections. Some infections such as food poisoning, rubella, or sexual transmitted diseases can put the unborn at risk. Maternal health. Maternal diet. The baby needs nutrients for his/hers well-being so the diet of the mother plays an important part throughout the pregnancy. Diet is particularly important during the first 12 weeks when the lack of mineral called folic acid can cause spina bifida. Overall women dont need a special diet when they are pregnant but they need to have a balanced one. They sould also avoid eating certain foods such as unpaasteurised cheese, soft cheese and Brie, blue cheesee which can contain the bacteria listeria which can cause miscarriage, premature delivery or severe illness in a new born baby. This can also be found in some pate and smoked fish., raw or partially cooked eggs, raw and undercooked meat. Birth. Assisted birth. Most women give birth vaginally but sometimes a Caesarean section is given. A Caesarean may be planned or may have to be carried out at short notice if there are difficulties when giving birth. Birth trauma. The main danger for babies during birth is the lack of oxygen but this is relatively rare and most babies are born safely. Prematurity and multiple births. A baby’s development can be affected if they are born before the full term of pregnancy. Full term is considered to be between 38 and 42 weeks. Some babies may be premature as a result of medical intervention or mothers may go spontaaneusly into labour.survival rates for premature babies has increased as a result of technology and advances in medical understanding.the extend to which development is affected variesand is linked to how early the child is born. The last few weeks are vital for the baby as they gain weight during that period and the baby’s oragns and nervous system matures. Babies born between 35 to 38 weeks are usually mature enough to feed and breath and so long term development is not affected but babies who are born much earlier will need significant medical support in order to survive and are usually place in the incubator that is designed to keep the baby warm and safe from infection. Premature babies are at higher risk of developing hearing or sight problems and also learning  difficulties . 1-1.4 Current research The latest research into the development and learning of babies and young children centres on the brains structure and function. Now it came to light that early stimulation are vital to the child’s healthy development of the brain. Along with stimulation it also seems that sufficient sleep and a healthy diet makes a difference in allowing connection to be made. The scientific discipline that looks at the brain development is known as neuroscience. This is a relatively new area of research and has been helped by the technology of brain scans. Brain development begins well before birth. Special brain cells are called neurons and are formed between tenth and twentieth week. These cells are very important as they will eventually join together to allow the brain to fubction normally. Babies who enjoy and are stimulated and enjoy a rich environment of sensations and movement shoud develop strong and dense synapses ( „ network of connections which enable neurons to transmit electrical impulses, so passing information from one part of the brain to another† Heinemann Book) that will cope with prunning. On the other hand babies who are deprived of stimulation and language may lose out as prunning seems to take away synapses that are not used and it is now clear that these cannot be replaced later. As a result of all the research there is a strong emphasis on the early yeaars sector on creating an enabling and stimulating environament and providing good sensory opportunities for babies and toddlers.

Agenda Setting Theory Introduction

Therefore the main effect of media in agenda setting is telling people not what to think, but what to think of. The policy agenda is the issues that policy makers consider important after the public start to make campaign or petition to show protest against the organizations. Mass Communication plays an important role in our society its purpose is to inform the public about current and past events. Mass communication is defined in â€Å"Mass Media, Mass Culture† as the process whereby professional communicators use technological devices to share messages over great distances to influence large audiences. Within this process the media, which can be a newspaper, a book and television, takes control of the information we see or hear. The media then uses gate keeping  and agenda setting to â€Å"control our access to news, information, and  entertainment† (Wilson 14). Gate keeping is a series of checkpoints  that the news has to go through before it gets to the public. Through this process many people have to  decide whether  or not the news  is to be seen or heard. Some gatekeepers might include reporters, writers, and  editors. After gate keeping comes  agenda setting. Elaboration of the Theory The Agenda-Setting Theory says the media (mainly the news media) aren’t always successful at telling us what to think, but they are quite successful at telling us what to think about. The power of news media is to set a nation’s agenda, to focus public attention on a few key public issues, is an immense and well-documented influence. For example, newspapers provide a host of cues about the salience of the topics in daily news. They will lead story on first page, large headlines and etc. Besides that, television also consider as a mass communication tool. Television offers numerous cues about salience too. Their opening story is on newscast, length of time devoted to the story and etc. As said by Walter Lippmann, Agenda-Setting Theory is â€Å"the world outside the pictures in our heads†. The news media are a primary source of those pictures in our heads about the larger world of public affairs, a world that for most citizens is â€Å"out of reach, out of sight, out of mind. † Agenda setting is divided into two levels where the first level stress on common subject that media thinks the subject is important. The second level decides which part of the subject is important. Both level leads to the concept of agenda setting where the concept is divided into three parts. The first part of the process is the importance of the issues that are going to be discussed in the media. Second, the issues discussed in the media have an impact over the way the public thinks, this is referred as public agenda. Ultimately the public agenda influences the policy agenda. Furthermore, the media agenda affects the public agenda, and the public agenda affects the policy agenda. People would attend only to news and views that didn’t threaten their established beliefs. Agenda-setting will reconfirms the power of the press while still maintaining that individuals were free to choose. The agenda-setting function is a 3 part-process. Firstly, media agenda is the issues discussed in the media. Secondly, public agenda means issues discussed and personally relevant to public. Lastly, policy agenda is the issues that policy makers consider important. Media agenda and public agenda are close to each other. Media agenda is the set of issue addressed by media sources. It is a composite index of media prominence reveled the importance of foreign policy, law and order, fiscal policy, public welfare and civil rights. While public agenda are issues the public consider important. It is the rank of the five issues was identical to the media agenda. The key concept and terms are agenda setting, salience transfer, gatekeeping, framing, priming and determinants of agenda-setting effects. Agenda setting is giving priorities to alternative policy issues but in the early communications studies, shown a mixture about the ability to influence public opinion on the given issue. Salience transfer refers to the capacity of the media to influence the relative importance individuals attached to the policy. Next is gate keeping is a process that control the media content. Framing is the importance and interpretation of people attach to potential items on the public agenda are strongly influenced by how the media present news stories. Priming happen when framing centers on political loading of the presentation of news, it can be conscious and not conscious. Priming basically mean draw attention to certain issue even in a neutral manner. Last but not least is the determinant of agenda-setting effects. Media credibility or also known as media reliance are found that the determinant is weaker than the media exposure and media exposure are more important than media credibility in relation to presidential state of the union addresses. Application of the Theory In Malaysia, one of the case studies was to examine the Malay language newspaper’s media agenda during the general election. (Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, UPM) The study was conducted to examine the use of the Barisan Nasional (BN) manifesto as the media agenda during the general election for the year 1982, 1986, 1990, 1995 and 1999. A model for the study was constructed based on the Agenda Setting Theory. A content analysis was conducted on 50 issues of Utusan Malaysia (UM) and Berita Harian (BH). Throughout the studies, it was found that there were 11 major themes frequently used in the BN manifesto namely: politics, foreign policy, development, economy, social education, security, religion, workers welfare, agriculture and the quality of life. Above were the main themes in the news during the general election for the year of study. The content analysis also found that there were 4461 news with the BN manifesto shown in 11 major news themes with â€Å"politics† in the lead and the â€Å"quality of life† ending the list. It also showed that the BN manifesto was mainly covered in various sections such as the Local News, Foreign News, Special Column, Main Column, Editorial, Advertisement, Economy, Asean, Forum, Articles and others. While the coverage on News, Articles, Photographs, Editorial, Letter to the Editor, Cartoon, Columnist and Comments also showed the present of BN manifesto. There was also a small difference between the two newspapers in terms of its news coverage on the BN manifesto during the general election. The study clearly showed that the media agenda of the two mainstream newspapers in the country was framed by the content of the BN manifesto during the duration of the general election for the year 1982, 1986, 1990, 1995 and 1999 and thus, strengthening the Agenda Setting Theory. The media institution and politic institution are closely linked to each other and are hardly being separated. Both the institutions are interdependent on each other. In Malaysia, we are practicing the democracy system, thus, media are an important instrument to achieve the democracy level; Media play a role in influencing the public in deciding their votes during a general election, either to vote for the specific individual or the party. Besides, media also take control in the politic process as mentioned earlier in the Agenda Setting Theory. In a democratic country like Malaysia, the process in politics often involve media as a tool to spread the news on certain parties’ issues and frame some of the suggestions or views on certain parties or individuals. In order to achieve a country that is practicing democratic system, the general elections were often used as a measurement tool in testing the level of support among the voters toward a specific party. Personal experience interpersonal communication among elites and other individuals So, the process of general election in Malaysia is a very crucial component in a democratic way. There were 12 general elections being held so far in Malaysia which were in the year 1959, 1964, 1969, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1995, 1999 and 2004. Also, there were 6 Prime Ministers that have involved themselves in became the main politic communicators in every general election that have been done. Every Prime Minister has their own plans in collaboration with the media to enhance their communication through media, and utilized it in a proper ways. Gatekeepers’ influential media spectacular news events Policy Agenda Public Agenda Media Agenda Real world indications of the importance of an agenda, issue or event Figure 1: Three Main Components in Agenda Setting Process In political communication, media is one of the aspects to be deal with. Others include media agenda, public agenda and policy agenda. All these three main components form a process (Agenda Setting Process) by which a complete political communication is carried out where the media were used to disseminate the messages or information to mass audiences. This process is involved in the Agenda Setting Process and has TWO levels: The media agenda affects the public agenda, and the public agenda affects the policy agenda. The communication using media has done by the politicians to publish their views and news or in this case, the manifesto of Barisan Nasional in Utusan Melaysia and Barita Harian in the media agenda. However, there are existence of gatekeepers that may influence the news and events to be published. In the case studies on BN manifesto, the gatekeepers here would be the editor and the owner of Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian newspapers publishers. The purposes of having gatekeepers here is to avoid harmful, negative, sensitive or religious issues being discussed which may cause misunderstanding within the nation According to the research, Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian used media agenda to influence the public, and this has brought the issue to a broader step which is the public agenda, where the public start discussing about the issue. In the case studies, there are some similarities in the manifesto of Barisan Nasional. During the general election, extensive media coverage on the political issues of BN were published continuously especially in the front page of the newspapers being analyzed: Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian. Those issues are similar to the manifesto of BN. Therefore, the public can gain most of the information about BN from the newspaper than the other party. After the public has start discussing about the issue, which is the involvement of BN’s manifesto in both the newspapers being mentioned, there were some activists who tried to support or banned the manifesto. The real world indicator will decide the importance of the agenda itself. Then, through the personal experiences and interpersonal communications among the elites and other individuals, there might be changes in the policy agenda. Finally, the policy agenda causes the media agenda to publish about the news and information all over again. The Agenda Setting Process will be repeated. ————————————————- Strengths and Weakness of the Theory We found that agenda setting theory has three strengths. First, agenda setting theory has explanatory power. Because this theory explains why most of the people prioritize the same issues as important. Therefore, most of the people will discuss the same issues at the same time. They will also concentrate discuss the issues because they think that the issues are affecting them. Second, this theory also has predictive power as it predicts that if people are exposed to the same media, they will feel the same issues as important. For example, if one issue be the headline of all the newspapers for one week, people will feel that this issue is very important and it will affect their life. Furthermore, this theory has organizing power because it helps organize existing knowledge of media effects. There are also weaknesses, such as media users may not be as ideal as the theory assumes. People may not be well-informed, deeply engaged in public affairs, thoughtful and skeptical. Media just tell them what to think about the issues. People just know the appearance of the issues and not deeply engage in the issues. They will also think that are the issues reported correct or the media have hide something bad that they do not know about the issues. So, some of the people do not trust what the media have said. Instead, people may pay only casual and intermittent attention to public affairs and remain ignorant of the details. For people who have made up their minds, the effect is weakened. News media cannot create or conceal problems; they may only alter the awareness, priorities and salience people attached to a set of problems. Research has largely been inconclusive in establishing a casual relationship between public salience and media coverage. Suggestions to Improve on the Theory For communication theory to be adopted by researchers and remain viable, it must be able to survive and grow through its ability to adapt to changing environments, encourage further research, and serve as a foundation for studies beyond those in which the founders originally applied their theory. According to McCombs and Shaw (1972) the result of their study shows that fewer voters knew about specific issues. While they found out that media were often effective in raising awareness of issues with undecided voters. They also found that issues presented by media that were new to audiences were better received by the public than issues with which the public was already familiar. The key factor to the ability of media to have an agenda-setting effect upon their audiences depends on the desire of the viewers to become informed about the issues. For example, when the voters wants to know more about their ideal government leaders the public have to search for more information about the leaders and the party as the desired for them to become informed on the issues instills a strong motivation factors for the public’s. Although the theory may seem to be acceptable but the theory still have its own weaknesses and failure which are visible and need to be improved. For example, while the article concentrate on the presentation of the issues during the election campaigns, the willingness of voters to listen to issues presented by the media, they fail to examine the degree to which mass media is able to raise issues and attract information-seeking audiences on its own but they fail to examine the degree of how the mass media is able to heightened public interest of political issues during election seasons to perform an agenda-setting function. Besides that, the media agenda in agenda-setting theory have their own limitations, as media may not be as ideal as the theory assumes. The information from the media may not deliver appropriately, deeply engaged in public affairs, thoughtful and skeptical. Therefore to improve the theory effectiveness of the theory, the media should increase the understanding of the issues by reporting a more detail information about the election with wide range of information. In addition, the media can also carry out a survey to understand better the level of absorption information of the readers, listeners and viewers. The media should also aware of the public acceptance and understanding of the issues as the agenda-setting theory has its own limitations in dispersing the news. Conclusion In conclusion, the Agenda Setting Theory is a very important practice in media industry especially in a democratic country like Malaysia. The media collaborate with government to control what to be think and discussed among the public. The purpose is to shape their perception over certain issues. It can be from a political issue to welfare issue. This theory proved that whatever issue has been discussed shape the importance of that specific issue and bring to the discussion in the public as in the public agenda. If the public or majorities think that there are some dissatisfactions or objections going on, there will be changes in the policy agenda. Thus, agenda setting is a very important tool in media even though there are still some weaknesses in this practice. So, the media should take in to account to improve their practice by injecting more information not only to a specific area but make it more widely than today in order for the public to have more knowledge about our nation and this may create a more critical thinking nation. References Agenda-Setting Theory – Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw(n. d. ). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http://www. ninosoriadeveyra. com/uploads/3/0/1/1/3011660/agenda-setting_ justine_kate_gian. ppt. Agenda-Setting Theory: Presentation paper abstracts (n. . ). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http://realhomepages. com/wecapps/agenda%20setting. htm Agenda-Setting Theory: Strengths and weaknesses of theory (n. d. ). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http://www. servinghistory. com/topics/Agenda-setting_theory::sub::Strengths_And_ Weaknesses_Of_Theory Garson, G. D. (2006). Agenda setting theory. Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http://faculty. chass. ncsu. edu/garson/PA765/agendasetting. htm Media Tenor Innovatio – Agenda setting theory (n. d. ). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http:// www. agendasetting. com/res_theory. php M. Sanchez Spring 2002. (2002). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http://zimmer. csufresno. edu/~ johnca/spch100/7-4-agenda. htm Spring 2001 theory workbook. (2001). Retrieved July 30, 2010, from http://www. uky. edu/~ drlane/capstone/mass/agenda. htm The Agenda-Setting Role of the Mass Media in the Shaping of Public Opinion (n. d. ). Retrieved July 30, 2010 from http://www. infoamerica. org/documentos_pdf/mccombs01. pdf

IT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT - Research Paper Example Thus, it is advised by computer experts to keep a backup of the information and resources that are stored on computer systems. This paper will focus upon the various storage devices that can be used by computer users to keep a backup of their information and resources, and the differences between redundant and backup data storage and how systems fail and how can they be protected. Backup Media Various forms of backup media available to users include: optical storage methods such as writeable and re-writable CDs and DVDs, external and internal hard disks that can be mounted on the systems and flash memory systems such as pen drives, USB drives and memory cards. Information stored on optical drives can last for very long period of time if these drives are kept safely, secondly these drives are even available in write once only form. This is an advantage because the data that is stored on these drives cannot be replaced or over-written. These drives even come in re-writable form; this m eans that same drive can be used do over write if old information is no longer needed. These drives are easy to move from one pc to another, these drives can be used in several systems but one system can use it at a time. Another downside of optical drives is that the time taken by these drives to write data and store information on them is considerably high if compared to the time taken by flash drives and other forms of memory drives. Another form of backup media that can come in handy for computer users is installing a second hard drive internally or externally. The advantages of having a second hard disk are enormous. Firstly, the second hard disk can act as a backup for files stored on your system; this will come in handy if the files from the first hard disk are deleted. Another advantage of using an extra hard disk is that the process of backing up files in a second hard disk is faster as compared to backing up these files in an optical drive or a USB flash memory drive. Havi ng a second hard disk is even of advantage as the files and the resources that have been downloaded over time on the computer system can be safe and the users d not have to take the pain of downloading and saving these resources again. All the operations conducted in a computer system take place on the first hard disk or the primary hard disk, due to this continuous usage, the hard disk becomes old and starts wearing out and ultimately the user has to replace it. When two hard disks are involved in the process of running a computer system, the burden of running the computer system is shared and both the hard disks gain higher functional life time. Disadvantages associated with installing a second hard disk are few in number. Firstly, hard disks have to be dealt with extra care, misuse may easily damage or corrupt the hard disk and data loss may occur, secondly, if the drive is installed inside the system, moving the drive to another system might become difficult and during the trans fer, the chances of damage are quite high. One of the best backup media designed to-date is USB flash memory drives/sticks. The advantages of using this media are: they are very small in size and can hold huge amount o information, they are easy to move and do not contain parts that might get corrupted if they are mishandled. These drives are even better than optical drives as they cannot be destroyed due to scratches and dust. Installing them is much easier than installing hard disks as they do not need

International Business College Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Business College - Case Study Example With the help of the current value of the possible future cash flows, the market values for interest and foreign currency exchange risk are found out. However, the information according to the sensitivity analysis will not necessarily signify the real changes in fair value that IBM would face in case of normal market conditions as, due to practical confinements, all variables except for the particular market risk factor are held constant. Coca Cola Company makes the use of derivative financial instruments mostly to lessen their exposure to unfavorable fluctuations in the foreign currency exchange rates and in interest rates and commodity prices involved as market risks. The company does not go into derivative financial instruments in order to carry out trading. In fact, risk by hedging and primary economic exposure is reduced by all their derivative positions. Owing to the high connection between the underlying exposure and hedging instrument, reciprocal changes in the value of the underlying exposure is used to counterbalance fluctuations in the value of the instruments. Practically all of Coca Cola's derivatives are simple, over-the-counter instruments with liquid markets. If the firm has borrowed on a floating rate basis, at very reset date, the rate for the following period would be set in line with the market rate. The firm's future interest payments are therefore uncertain. An increase in rates will adversely affect the cash flows. Consider a firm, which wants to undertake a fixed investment project. Suppose it requires foreign currency financing and is forced to borrow on a floating rate basis. Since its cost of capital is uncertain, an additional element of risk is introduced in project appraisal. On the other hand, consider a firm, which has borrowed on a fixed rate basis to finance a fixed investment project. Subsequently inflation rate in the economy slows down and the market rate of interest declines. The cash flows from the project may decline as a result of the fall in the rate of inflation but the firm is logged into high cost borrowing. 2.1 IBM As compared to an increase of $18 million on December 31, 2005, there would be reduction in the fair market value of IBM's financial instruments of $113 million, which would be a result of a 10% reduction in the levels of interest rates on December 31, 2006, keeping all other variables constant. On the other hand, as compared to a reduction of $8 million at December 31, 2005, there would be a hike in the fair value of IBM's financial instruments of $96 million, which would be a result of a 10% increase in the levels of interest rates, keeping all other variables constant. Alterations in IBM's interest rate profile and amount and debt maturities have